Cyatheales

3-433.10.00IntroductionEnglish: Tree ferns.
Clades: Cyatheidae; Equisetanae; Pteridophyta; Plants.
Genera: ± 1000 species.
Habitat: tropical and subtropical; temperate rainforests.
Region: South Africa, Australia, Spain, Portugal, New Zealand, Pacific islands; tend to be very local.
Ecology: threatened by feral pigs.Subphases FamiliesPhase Remedy code Family
1 3-433.11.00 Hymenophyllaceae
2 3-433.12.00 Gleicheniaceae
3 3-433.13.00 Culcitaceae
4 3-433.14.00 Cyatheaceae
5 3-433.15.00 Cibotiaceae
6 3-433.16.00 Dicksoniaceae
7 3-433.17.00 AnemiaceaePlant theoryIn the Plant theory Cyatheales is extended with Hymenophyllaceae, Gleicheniales, and Anemiaceae. Cyatheales is placed in the subclass Equisetidae. Anemiaceae is split off from the order Schizaeales, both having a Phase 7 quality.
This makes Cyatheales polyphyletic according to DNA analyses.
The classification is tentative, as some families, Hymenophyllaceae and the small families in Gleicheniales, are not known well enough in homeopathy for an exact placement.TaxonomyCyatheales is a monophyletic order, by indication of DNA sequence data. But they have no clear morphological features.
In 2006 Smith placed the Cyatheales in the leptosporangiate ferns, class Polypodianae, with families: Thyrsopteridaceae, Loxsomataceae, Culcitaceae, Plagiogyriaceae, Cibotiaceae, Cyatheaceae, Dicksoniaceae, and Metaxyaceae.
In 2011 Christenhusz placed all land plants in Equisetanae, reclassified Smith's Polypodianae as subclass Polypodiidae and placed Cyatheales there. The classification of Christenhusz and Chase in 2014 placed all members of the Cyatheales in a more broadly defined Cyatheaceae, reducing the eight existing families to subfamilies as Thyrsopteridoideae, Loxsomatoideae, Culcitoideae, Plagiogyrioideae, Cibotioideae, Cyatheoideae, Dicksonioideae, and Metaxyoideae. The PPG I classification of 2016 returned to the eight-family definition of the order.
Historically, the Plagiogyriaceae were considered the single member of order Plagiogyriales, thought to be more closely related to Osmundales than to the tree ferns, but this hypothesis has been disproven by molecular phylogenetics. Leptopteris and Todea in the family Osmundaceae can be seen as tree ferns with short trunks under one meter tall. A few species in the genera Blechnum and Sadleria could also be considered tree ferns in a liberal interpretation of the term.BotanyFerns; tree ferns; up to 10 m tall.
Root: rhizomes woody, massive, vertical or horizontal expanding; some with scales on the stems and leaves, some have hairs; rerooting when fallen.
Stem: trunk-like stems up to 10 meters tall; no new woody tissue is formed, but supported by a fibrous mass of roots that expands as the tree fern grows.
Leaves: on the crown; very large; mostly multiple-pinnated; circinate vernation, meaning the young fronds emerge in coils that uncurl as they grow.
Sporangia: on the undersides of fronds.EssenceThese personalities have strict rules, especially about how a family has to be managed. They can handle situations differently, but still are convinced that the rules should be followed by everyone.MindDelusion: losing the family if I don't follow the family rules.
Leaders of the family with strict rules.
Family members are suffering from the leaders of the family with their strict rules.
Speech retardation.
Aversion to cooperate in work, jobs, responsibility.