Hypnales

3-333.40.00: HypnalesEnglish: Leafy mosses; Father mosses.
Clades: Bryidae, Bryanae, Bryophyta, Plants.
Taxonomy: 40 families; 4000 species; 1/3 of all mosses.Anomodontaceae, partly: Anomodon, Bryonorrisia, Chileobryon, Curviramea, Haplohymenium, Herpetineuron, Schwetschkeopsis.
Climaciaceae: Climacium, Pleuroziopsis.
Pterigynandraceae: Habrodon, Heterocladium, Iwatsukiella, Myurella, Pterigynandrum, Trachyphyllum.Botany: freely branched stems; leaves pinnately or irregularly branched; reclining stems, containing only a reduced central vascular bundle, a derived trait in mosses; stems are covered with paraphyllia or pseudoparaphyllia, reduced filamentous or scaly leaves; ordinary stem leaves are ovate to lanceolate, often with leaf wing cells; midvein is often limited to the lower half of the leaf blade, or has completely disappeared; cells of the leaf blade are prosenchymatic, many times longer than wide, with pointed ends interlocking; sporophyte consists of a regularly shaped sporangium on a long stalk or seta; spores are distributed via a ring-shaped opening with two rows of teeth, the peristome, which before ripeness is closed by a beak-shaped operculum; an enlarged venter or calyptra is cap-shaped and smooth.