Funariales

3-332.11.00: FunarialesClades: Dicranidae; Bryanae; Bryophyta; Plants.TaxonomyIn traditonal classifications Funariales is an Order with 3 families Disceliaceae, Encalyptaceae, Funariaceae. It is placed in Funariidae together with Gigaspermaceae in the order Gigaspermales.In the Plant theory Funariales or Funariaceae is extended, including the primary clades in Bryanae:
Andreaeopsida: Andreaeales: Andreaeaceae: Acroschisma, Andreaea
Andreaeobryopsida: Andreaeobryales: Andreaeobryaceae: Andreaeobryum
Buxbaumiidae: Buxbaumiales: Buxbaumiaceae: Buxbaumia
Diphysciidae: Diphysciales: Diphysciaceae: Diphyscium
Oedipodiopsida: Oedipodiales: Oedipodiaceae: Oedipodium
Sphagnopsida: Sphagnales: Ambuchananiaceae: Ambuchanania, Eosphagnum.
 - Flatbergiaceae: Flatbergium.
 - Sphagnaceae: Sphagnum.
Tetraphidopsida: Tetraphidales: Tetraphidaceae: Tetraphis, Tetrodontium.
Timmiidae: Timmiales: Timmiaceae: Timmia.Families- Disceliaceae: Discelium.
- Encalyptaceae: Bryobrittonia, Encalypta.
- Bryobrittoniaceae: Bryobrittonia.
- Funariaceae: Aphanorrhegma, Brachymeniopsis, Bryobeckettia, Clavitheca, Cygnicollum, Entosthodon, Ephemerella, Funaria, Funariella, Goniomitrium, Loiseaubryum, Nanomitriella, Physcomitrella, Physcomitrellopsis, Physcomitrium, Pyramidula.
- Gigaspermaceae: Chamaebryum, Costesia, Gigaspermum, Lorentziella, Oedipodiella.BotanyRegion: widespread.
Protonema short-lived. Central strand present. Leaves a cells rectangular to hexagonal. Costa present Aut- or paroicous, rarely syn- or polyoicous. Seta present. Capsule symmetric or asymmetric, operculate or rarely cleistocarpous; stomata phaneropore or cryptopore, slit-like, each with a single guard cell. Annulus present/absent. Operculum present. Peristome of Funaria-type or, Calyptra large, cucullate or mitrate, typically lobed.Botany SphagnalesCladocarpous. Main stems with capitulum: central parenchyma, internal cylinder, cortex. Branches fasci- cled, rarely absent; retort cells present/absent. Leaves with hyalocysts and chlorocysts. Dioicous, occasio- nally autoicous. Antheridia single, subglobose, long-stalked in leaves axils. Archegonia terminal on short branches in capitulum. Spore sac dome-shaped Spores in tetrads, trilete mark present. Calyptra present. Bogs and mires (peat mosses).Botany BuxbaumiaceaeMicroscopic for most of its existence, and plants are noticeable only after they begin to produce their reproductive structures; spore capsule is asymmetrical, distinctive shape and structure, some features of which appear to be transitional from those in primitive mosses to most modern mosses.Botany AndreaeaceaeCentral strand absent. Leaves cells (rounded-)quadrate. Costa present/absent homogeneous or, Autoicous, rarely syn- or dioicous. Antheridia without specialized cap. Seta, Capsule elevated by a pseudopodium; valves 4-10, attached at apex Spore sac dome-shaped. Germination endosporic. Calyptra small, usually bistratose. Predominantly cool-temperate and tropical-montanous. Saxicolous.Botany AndreaeobryaceaeCentral strand absent. Leaves cells (rounded-)quadrate. Costa present. Dioicous. Perichaetia developing after fertilization. Antheridia without specialized capsule. Seta short, massive. Capsule valves irregular (often 4-5 main and 1-2 shorter ones), also separate at apex Spore sac dome-shaped. Germination endo- sporic. Calyptra covering entire capsule.Botany TetraphidaceaeCentral strand present/absent. Leaves cells parenchymatous. Costa present, homogeneous Autoicous. Capsule erect, symmetric, cylindric, stomata present/absent. Annulus, Operculum present. Peristome of 4 teeth. Calyptra small, mitrate, glabrous. Gemmae present (Tetraphis). Predominantly north-tempearte. On various substrates in moist sites.Botany DiphysciaceaeProtonema short-lived, funnel-shaped. Central strand, Leaves 2(-3)-stratose. Costa present. Dioicous. Perichaetial leaves ciliate above, costa long-excurrent Seta present very short. Capsule asymmetric, sto- mata phaneropore. Annulus present. Operculum present Peristome of Buxbaumia-type (exostome, or rudi- mentary, endostome present, parastome absent) Calyptra small, mitrate.Botany GigaspermaceaeProtonema short-lived. Leafy stems short from subterranean axes; central strand, Cladocarpous. Leaves cells usually collenchymatous. Costa present (in Gigaspermum absent) Par- or synoicous. Seta present (very short) Capsule gymnostomous or cleistocarpous. Stomata with 2 guard cells Spores large. Calyptra small, mitrate, fugacious. Gemmae present.Botany TimmiaceaeCentral strand present. Leaves in 8 rows, base sheathing. Leaves cells in sheath linear, in limb quadrate to hexagonal, mamillose. Costa present. Di- or autoicous. Seta present. Capsule inclined to pendulous, stomata phaneropore Annulus present. Operculum present. Peristome present, exostome of 16 large teeth; endostome of 64 laments from basal membrane. Calyptra cucullate, often persistent.