Pteridophyta

7 Pteridophyta TaxonomyIntroductionEnglish: Ferns; Pteridophytes.
Synonym: Pteridopsida; Cryptogamae.
Content: thiaminase; tannins; flavonoids.
Members: Ferns, Horsetails, Lycophytes, Clubmosses, Spikemosses, Quillworts.Plant theoryPteridophyta is a phylum in the Plant kingdom, including the Ferns, Horsetails and Clubmosses. It is the first clade in the Tracheophyta, the vascular plants. Pteridophyta are placed in the Phylum 4, having the connection with the Iron series.
The classification of the ferns has been difficult. Firstly, there was hardly any information in homeopathy about them. Lycopodium clavatum was the exception, but is was so overused and has such a vast Materia medica that it is hard to find the essence in it.ClassificationThere are four classes in the Pteridophyta and ten subclasses. The 10 subclasses have each one order, there is only Phase 1.
This expresses that all ferns have an impulsive quality. They just do things, without thinking about it, only following the rules. It is a kind of naivety. It is also an expression of their being young in evolution. They are more children and teenager remedies, even when much needed in adults, for their child and teenager personalities. It is as if there is no past, only a future.
The opposite is the case for Fungi, where there are 7 orders, each in one of the 7 Phases in a subclass, but each order has only 1 family and thus 1 Subphase. This expresses that Fungi has much past, but little future.Table Subclasses & OrdersNr Series Remedy code Classes Subclasses Order
411 Hydrogen 3-411.10.00 Isoetanae Isoetidae Isoetales
421 Carbon 3-421.10.00 Lycopodianae Salviniidae Salviniales
422 Carbon 3-422.10.00 Lycopodianae Lycopodiidae Lycopodiales
431 Silicon 3-431.10.00 Equisetanae Azollidae Azollales
432 Silicon 3-432.10.00 Equisetanae Equisetidae Equisetales
433 Silicon 3-433.10.00 Equisetanae Cyatheidae Cyatheales
441 Iron 3-441.10.00 Polypodianae Marsileidae Marsileales
442 Iron 3-442.10.10 Polypodianae Pterididae Pteridales
443 Iron 3-443.10.00 Polypodianae Aspleniidae Aspleniales
444 Iron 3-444.10.00 Polypodianae Polypodiidae PolypodialesTaxonomy
Pteridophyta are not monophyletic because the Monilophyta, ferns and horsetails, are more closely related to seed plants than to Lycophyta.
Pteridophyta is thus not widely accepted as a taxon anymore, but remains in common parlance, as do pteridology and pteridologist. This is so as Pteridophyta share a life cycle and are collectively treated or studied, for example by the International Association of Pteridologists and the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group. A nice example is the Pteridophyta itself: it is not monophyletic as the Spermatophyta are arising in them, in between the clubmosses and the real fern, the Euphyllophyta. But the PPG group itself is treating them both. This problem arises from using the criterion of monophyletic too strictly.
The botanical classification of ferns was not very developed. This changed very much with the publication on ferns by the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group, PPG 1, in 2016. This made the homeopathic classification much easier. The table below shows the relationships between the orders as in the Plant theory with the families of the PPG1 classification.Nr Order Families411 Isoetales Isoetaceae.
421 Salviniales Salviniaceae.
422 Lycopodiales Lycopodiaceae, Huperziaceae, Selaginellaceae.
431 Azollales Azollaceae.
432 Equisetales Psilotaceae, Ophioglossaceae, Equisetaceae, Marratiaceae,
Osmundacae, Schizaeaceae, Lygodiaceae.
433 Cyatheales Hymenophyllaceae, Gleicheniaceae, Matoniaceae,
Dipteridaceae, Cyatheaceae, Cibotiaceae, Culcitaceae,
Dicksoniaceae, Anemiaceae.
441 Marsileales Marsileaceae.
442 Pteridales Lindsaeceae +, Pteridaceae, Dennstaedtiaceae.
443 Aspleniales Blechnaceae, Onocleaceae, Woodsiaceae, Athyriaceae,
Thelypteridaceae, Cystopterridaceae +, Aspleniaceae.
444 Polypodiales Hypodematiaeae, Didymochlaenaceae, Dryopteridaceae,
Polypodiaceae, Tectariaceae, Davalliaceae, Oleandraceae,
Lomariopsidaceae, Nephrolepidaceae.Discussion differencesIn general the botanical and the Plant theory classification are very similar. Phase 3 families with their theme of confusion.Fusion of cladesSome clades are fused in the Plant theory, which is in contradiction with the monophyletic in the PPG classification: Equisetidae, Cyatheidae, Pterididae.
Some Families have absorbed smaller neighbours, without losing their monophyly: Gleicheniaceae, Culcitaceae, Dicksoniaceae, Lindsaeaceae, Thelypteridaceae, Dryopteridaceae and Polypodiaceae.
In several cases the "outsider" Phases, Phase 1 and Phase 7, got included in the main clade. For instance, Lindsaeaceae and Dennstaedtiaceae got included in Pteridales. As outsiders they are more different in their character, morphology and DNA than the central families. Splitting of clades
In some cases clades have been split, mostly in such a way that the secludes are also monophyletic: Lycopodiaceae, Huperziaceae, Pteridaceae, Dryopteridaceae, Polypodiaceae.
The biggest change is the split of Salviniales in 3 quite separate subclasses.Differences Plant theory and PPG1classificationNr Order Families
411 Isoetales Isoetaceae, without Selaginellaceae.
421 Salviniales Salviniaceae, shifted to Lycopodianae,
without Azollaceae and Marsileaceae.
422 Lycopodiales Lycopodiaceae split in 3, Huperziaceae split in 3.
with Selaginellaceae.
431 Azollales Azollaceae separated from Salviniales.
432 Equisetales Paraphyletic due to the fusion of the families.
Ophioglossaceae split in 2.
Schizaeaceae without Anemiaceae.
433 Cyatheales Paraphyletic due to the fusion of the families.
Gleicheniaceae including Matoniaceae, Dipteridaceae,
Culcitaceae + Plagiogyriaceae, Loxsomataceae,
Thyrsopteridaceae.
Dicksoniaceae including Metaxyaceae.
Anemiaceae split off from Schizaeales.
441 Marsileales Marsileaceae separated from Salviniales.
442 Pteridales Paraphyletic, including Lindsaeaceae, Dennstaedtiaceae.
Lindsaeceae including Cystodiaceae, Lonchitidaceae,
Saccolomataceae.
Pteridaceae split in 5.
443 Aspleniales Aspleniidae = PPG1 Aspleniineae, = Eupolypods 2.
Onocleaceae including Woodsiaceae.
Thelypteridaceae split in 2.
Cystopterridaceae + Desmophlebiaceae, Dplaziopsidaceae,
Hemidictyaceae, Rhachidosoraceae.
444 Polypodiales Polypodiidae = PPG1 Polypodiineae, =Eupolypods 1.
Elaphoglossoideae + Hypodematiaeae,
Didymochlaenaceae.
Dryopteridaceae, split in 2
Polypodiaceae, split in 4.
Tectariaceae + Davalliaceae, Oleandraceae,
Lomariopsidaceae, NephrolepidaceaeNomenclatureIn the Plant theory somewhat different names are given to classes and subclasses. In the PPG classification classes and subclasses are not exactly recognised, as is done in the Plant theory. In accordance with the endings of clades classes are given the ending "-anae" and subclasses "-idae". In the PPG classification subclasses are ending in "ineae". Classes are difficult to recognise and if so get the ending "-opsida". This last ending can be confusing as some families have a similar ending, like Berberidopsis.The inconsistency is obvious for derivations of Polypodium. Polypodiopsida is a kind of superclass for all Pteridophyta without the clubmosses. Polypodiidae is a kind of superclass for all Polypodiopsida without the Equisetidae. The biggest subgroup of Polypodiopsida is Polypodiales, which has the ending of an order, but contains 3 subclasses. One of them is the subclass Polypodiineae.BotanyFerns, Horsetails and Clubmosses have vessels for the first time in the evolution of plants. They are vascular plants together with later evolutionary clades: the Spermatophyta. Hence the name Tracheophyta, vessel plants. The vessels make transport possible and with that specialisation in the form of roots, leaves, stems and reproduction systems. It can make them bigger than for instance mosses. This aspect of transport and specialisation is an aspect of the Iron series.
Ferns have having xylem and phloem, making them more rigid and woody, and thus making them bigger.
The reproduction is via spores. As spore plants they have no flowers or seeds.