Botany: trees, shrubs, woody; flowers often imperfect, intrastaminal disk, nectar disk; leaves alternate, odd-pinnately compound; ovary superior, connate.
Content: silica; ethereal oils.
Plant theory 2Rutales is split off from
Sapindales, but keeps its place in
Phase 4. The rest of the
Sapindales is shifted to
Phase 5.
Rutales keeps the families
Rutaceae,
Anacardiaceae and
Burseraceae, that were formerly in
Sapindales.
There were several reasons for this change. First was that
Phase 5 was many “empty spaces”. The second reason was that there were contradictions in
Sapindales, in the form of different families having qualities of the same Subphase.
Anacardiaceae and Simarubaceae both have aspects of
Subphase 6. The change placed Simarubaceae in
Phase 5 and
Subphase 6, and
Anacardiaceae in
Phase 4 and
Subphase 6.
Rutaceae is split in the Subfamilies
Spathelioideae,
Toddalioideae,
Aurantioideae and
Galipeoideae.
Rutaceae is split in 4 subfamilies, based on phylogenetic studies and homeopathic information:
Spathelioideae,
Toddalioideae,
Aurantioideae, and
Galipeoideae, respectively placed in
Subphase 2,
Subphase 3,
Subphase 4, and
Subphase 5. They are placed in the order
Rutales in
Phase 4.
Burseraceae is replaced from
Subphase 3 to
Subphase 1. The soft quality has similarities with
Subphase 3. But the lonely quality of
Burseraceae indicates more
Subphase 1.
Anacardiaceae is split in two monophyletic subfamilies:
Spondioideae, and
Rhusoideae, respectively placed in
Subphase 6, and
Subphase 7.
Plant theory 1Rutales was included in the order
Sapindales in Phase
Rutaceae was placed in
Subphase 1, in the order
Sapindales, in
Phase 4.
TaxonomyIn the
Apg3 classification Sapindales is one of the Orders of the Subclass
Malvidae.
Sapindales includes 6 big Families and 3 small ones.
Sapindales has been recognised long as an order with a stabile group of families in general.
Rutaceae was split in the subfamilies: Aurantoideae,
Toddalioideae, Rutoideae and the smaller
Spathelioideae, Flindersonioideae and Dystiolomatoideae. Of these only Aurantoideae showed to be monophyletic in phylogenetic tests.
Subphases1.
Burseraceae: they alone in their elite surroundings.
2.
Spathelioideae, subfamily of
Rutaceae: they adapt in order to be recognised as elite.
3.
Toddalioideae, subfamily of
Rutaceae they feel not seen and of minor position in society.
4. Aurantoideae, Subfamily of
Rutaceae: the rules of society and culture are strong and too rigid.
5.
Galipeoideae, Subfamily of
Rutaceae: they feel limited by society, want to show their uniqueness more.
6.
Spondioideae Subfamily of
Anacardiaceae, subfamily: they feel the victim of the society, the rigidity of it; they were special, belonging to the upper class, but are now rejected.
7.
Rhusoideae, Subfamily of
Anacardiaceae: they feel an outcast because they do not accept the rules of society.
Kirkiaceae: 2 genera: Kirkia, Pleikirkia; 6 six species; East Africa,
Madagascar; previously in
Simaroubaceae; Kirkia is a close relative of
Burseraceae and
Anacardiaceae and can probably be included in
Burseraceae.
LiteratureCole, Theodor;
Rutaceae Phylogeny Poster, February 2020; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324647641_RUTACEAE_Phylogeny_Poster_2020.
Cole, Theodor;
Rutaceae Phylogeny Poster, February 2017; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319879942.
Groppo Milton & others;
Phylogeny and delimitation of Galipeeae (
Rutaceae,
Sapindales) based on molecular data: insights on the evolution of zygomorphic flowers and staminodes; X1X international botanical congres, January 2017; DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.28138.00969.
Groppo Milton & others;
Phylogeny of
Rutaceae based on two noncoding regions from CPDNA; American Journal of
Botany 95(8): 985–1005. 2008.
Morton, Cynthia & Cheryl Telmer; New Subfamily
Classification for the
Rutaceae; Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 99(4):620-641;
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3417/2010034.
Wei, Lai; Phylogenetic Relationships and Evolution of the Androecia in Ruteae (
Rutaceae); Plos One; 2015.