Names:
Asteraceae, means radiating, star like; Compositae, means composite.
English: Sunflower family; Compositae.
Botany: 1100 genera; 25000 species; herbs, shrubs; cosmopolitan; flowers composite, radiant and tubular; open places, reacting to the sun; living in regions spoiled with oil.
Use: ornamental; oil
Culture: botanical clocks.
Content: inulin, polysaccahrid storage; sesquiterpene lactons; polyacetylenes; alkylamides; pentacyclic triterpenes; pyrrolizidine alkaloids.
Chinese: constricted liver Chi.
DD: Carbon;
Magnesium.
TaxonomyAsteraceae has long been recognised as a family and had the name Compositae because of its composite flowers.
Asteraceae has been shown to be monophyletic. In the
Apg3 classification Asteraceae is included in
Campanulales.
Traditionally
Asteraceae had two subfamilies:
Asteroideae or Tubuliflorae and
Cichorioideae or Liguliflorae.
Asteroideae is monophyletic and
Cichorioideae has been shown to be paraphyletic. In other classifications the subfamilies of the
Asteraceae are Barnedesioideae, Mutsioideae,
Carduoideae,
Cichorioideae and
Asteroideae. Bremer includes Mutsioideae,
Carduoideae in
Cichorioideae.
Panero and Funk presented the following phylogenetic tree, taken over by the
Apg3 classification:
Barnadesioideae: 9 genera, 93 species; South America, mainly the Andes.
Stifftioideae: South America and Asia.
Mutisioideae: 58 genera, 750 species. South America.
Wunderlichioideae: 8 genera, 24 species, mostly in Venezuela and Guyana
Gochnatioideae: 4 or 5 genera, 90 species.
Hecastocleidoideae: only Hecastocleis shockleyi; Southwestern United States.
Carduoideae: 83 genera, 2, 500 species; Worldwide.
Pertyoideae: 5 or 6 genera, 70 species.
Gymnarrhenoideae: Only Gymnarrhena micrantha; Northern Africa.
Cichorioideae: 224 genera, 3, 200 species; Worldwide.
Corymbioideae: only the genus Corymbium, with 9 species.
Asteroideae: 1, 130 genera and 16, 200 species; Worldwide.
Four subfamilies contain 99% of the species diversity of
Asteraceae:
Asteroideae 70%,
Cichorioideae 14%,
Carduoideae 11% and
Mutisioideae 3%.
Asteraceae has a morphological complexity. As a result, several genera have required multiple revisions.
Cichorioideae has as Tribes Lactuceae, Vernonieae,
Liabeae and Arctoteae.
Asteroideae has 3 groups of Tribes:
1. Inuleae and Plucheae.
2. Gnaphalieae, Calenduleae,
Astereae, Anthemidae and Senecioneae.
3. Helenieae, Heliantheae and
Eupatorieae.
In the
Plant theory Asteraceae is split off from
Campanulales and forms it own Order
Asterales.
Asterales is monophyletic, having one
Family,
Asteraceae.
For the Subfamilies:
1. Barnedesioideae is included in Mutsioideae and placed in
Subphase 1.
2. Cardueae is kept out of Cichoroideae and placed in
Subphase 2.
3. Cichoroideae is kept together and placed in
Subphase 3.
4.
Asteroideae, the biggest subfamily is split in four clades Heliantheae,
Astereae, Senecioneae and Anthemideae.
From the point of view of the
Plant theory it would be more elegant to raise
Asteraceae to the level of Order and the Subfamilies to the level of Families.
Subphases1. Mutsioideae, including Barnadesioideae.
2.
Carduoideae.
3.
Cichorioideae.
4. Heliantheae, Helenieae,
Eupatorieae.
5.
Astereae, Gnaphalieae, Calenduleae, Inuleae, Plucheae.
6. Senecioneae.
7. Anthemideae.
AsteralesNames:
Asteraceae, means radiating, star like; Compositae, means composite.
English: Sunflower family; Compositae.
Botany: 1100 genera; 25000 species; herbs, shrubs; cosmopolitan; flowers composite, radiant and tubular; open places, reacting to the sun; living in regions spoiled with oil.
Use: ornamental; oil
Culture: botanical clocks.
Content: inulin, polysaccahrid storage; sesquiterpene lactons; polyacetylenes; alkylamides; pentacyclic triterpenes; pyrrolizidine alkaloids.
Chinese: constricted liver Chi.
DD: Carbon;
Magnesium.
TaxonomyAsteraceae has long been recognised as a family and had the name Compositae because of its composite flowers.
Asteraceae has been shown to be monophyletic. In the
Apg3 classification Asteraceae is included in
Campanulales.
Traditionally
Asteraceae had two subfamilies:
Asteroideae or Tubuliflorae and
Cichorioideae or Liguliflorae.
Asteroideae is monophyletic and
Cichorioideae has been shown to be paraphyletic. In other classifications the subfamilies of the
Asteraceae are Barnedesioideae, Mutsioideae,
Carduoideae,
Cichorioideae and
Asteroideae. Bremer includes Mutsioideae,
Carduoideae in
Cichorioideae.
Panero and Funk presented the following phylogenetic tree, taken over by the
Apg3 classification:
Barnadesioideae: 9 genera, 93 species; South America, mainly the Andes.
Stifftioideae: South America and Asia.
Mutisioideae: 58 genera, 750 species. South America.
Wunderlichioideae: 8 genera, 24 species, mostly in Venezuela and Guyana
Gochnatioideae: 4 or 5 genera, 90 species.
Hecastocleidoideae: only Hecastocleis shockleyi; Southwestern United States.
Carduoideae: 83 genera, 2, 500 species; Worldwide.
Pertyoideae: 5 or 6 genera, 70 species.
Gymnarrhenoideae: Only Gymnarrhena micrantha; Northern Africa.
Cichorioideae: 224 genera, 3, 200 species; Worldwide.
Corymbioideae: only the genus Corymbium, with 9 species.
Asteroideae: 1, 130 genera and 16, 200 species; Worldwide.
Four subfamilies contain 99% of the species diversity of
Asteraceae:
Asteroideae 70%,
Cichorioideae 14%,
Carduoideae 11% and
Mutisioideae 3%.
Asteraceae has a morphological complexity. As a result, several genera have required multiple revisions.
Cichorioideae has as Tribes Lactuceae, Vernonieae,
Liabeae and Arctoteae.
Asteroideae has 3 groups of Tribes:
1. Inuleae and Plucheae.
2. Gnaphalieae, Calenduleae,
Astereae, Anthemidae and Senecioneae.
3. Helenieae, Heliantheae and
Eupatorieae.
In the
Plant theory Asteraceae is split off from
Campanulales and forms it own Order
Asterales.
Asterales is monophyletic, having one
Family,
Asteraceae.
For the Subfamilies:
1. Barnedesioideae is included in Mutsioideae and placed in
Subphase 1.
2. Cardueae is kept out of Cichoroideae and placed in
Subphase 2.
3. Cichoroideae is kept together and placed in
Subphase 3.
4.
Asteroideae, the biggest subfamily is split in four clades Heliantheae,
Astereae, Senecioneae and Anthemideae.
From the point of view of the
Plant theory it would be more elegant to raise
Asteraceae to the level of Order and the Subfamilies to the level of Families.
Subphases1. Mutsioideae, including Barnadesioideae.
2.
Carduoideae.
3.
Cichorioideae.
4. Heliantheae, Helenieae,
Eupatorieae.
5.
Astereae, Gnaphalieae, Calenduleae, Inuleae, Plucheae.
6. Senecioneae.
7. Anthemideae.
AsteralesNames:
Asteraceae, means radiating, star like; Compositae, means composite.
English: Sunflower family; Compositae.
Botany: 1100 genera; 25000 species; herbs, shrubs; cosmopolitan; flowers composite, radiant and tubular; open places, reacting to the sun; living in regions spoiled with oil.
Use: ornamental; oil
Culture: botanical clocks.
Content: inulin, polysaccahrid storage; sesquiterpene lactons; polyacetylenes; alkylamides; pentacyclic triterpenes; pyrrolizidine alkaloids.
Chinese: constricted liver Chi.
DD: Carbon;
Magnesium.
TaxonomyAsteraceae has long been recognised as a family and had the name Compositae because of its composite flowers.
Asteraceae has been shown to be monophyletic. In the
Apg3 classification Asteraceae is included in
Campanulales.
Traditionally
Asteraceae had two subfamilies:
Asteroideae or Tubuliflorae and
Cichorioideae or Liguliflorae.
Asteroideae is monophyletic and
Cichorioideae has been shown to be paraphyletic. In other classifications the subfamilies of the
Asteraceae are Barnedesioideae, Mutsioideae,
Carduoideae,
Cichorioideae and
Asteroideae. Bremer includes Mutsioideae,
Carduoideae in
Cichorioideae.
Panero and Funk presented the following phylogenetic tree, taken over by the
Apg3 classification:
Barnadesioideae: 9 genera, 93 species; South America, mainly the Andes.
Stifftioideae: South America and Asia.
Mutisioideae: 58 genera, 750 species. South America.
Wunderlichioideae: 8 genera, 24 species, mostly in Venezuela and Guyana
Gochnatioideae: 4 or 5 genera, 90 species.
Hecastocleidoideae: only Hecastocleis shockleyi; Southwestern United States.
Carduoideae: 83 genera, 2, 500 species; Worldwide.
Pertyoideae: 5 or 6 genera, 70 species.
Gymnarrhenoideae: Only Gymnarrhena micrantha; Northern Africa.
Cichorioideae: 224 genera, 3, 200 species; Worldwide.
Corymbioideae: only the genus Corymbium, with 9 species.
Asteroideae: 1, 130 genera and 16, 200 species; Worldwide.
Four subfamilies contain 99% of the species diversity of
Asteraceae:
Asteroideae 70%,
Cichorioideae 14%,
Carduoideae 11% and
Mutisioideae 3%.
Asteraceae has a morphological complexity. As a result, several genera have required multiple revisions.
Cichorioideae has as Tribes Lactuceae, Vernonieae,
Liabeae and Arctoteae.
Asteroideae has 3 groups of Tribes:
1. Inuleae and Plucheae.
2. Gnaphalieae, Calenduleae,
Astereae, Anthemidae and Senecioneae.
3. Helenieae, Heliantheae and
Eupatorieae.
In the
Plant theory Asteraceae is split off from
Campanulales and forms it own Order
Asterales.
Asterales is monophyletic, having one
Family,
Asteraceae.
For the Subfamilies:
1. Barnedesioideae is included in Mutsioideae and placed in
Subphase 1.
2. Cardueae is kept out of Cichoroideae and placed in
Subphase 2.
3. Cichoroideae is kept together and placed in
Subphase 3.
4.
Asteroideae, the biggest subfamily is split in four clades Heliantheae,
Astereae, Senecioneae and Anthemideae.
From the point of view of the
Plant theory it would be more elegant to raise
Asteraceae to the level of Order and the Subfamilies to the level of Families.
Subphases1. Mutsioideae, including Barnadesioideae.
2.
Carduoideae.
3.
Cichorioideae.
4. Heliantheae, Helenieae,
Eupatorieae.
5.
Astereae, Gnaphalieae, Calenduleae, Inuleae, Plucheae.
6. Senecioneae.
7. Anthemideae.
References ColeAckerfield J et al. (2020) Taxon 69(4): 715–738
Anderberg AA et al. (2007) in Kubitzki K: FGVP VIII, Springer
Compositae Working Group (CWG) (2022) Global Compositae Database, www.compositae.org, doi: 10.14284/411
Fu ZX et al. (2016) J Syst Evol 54(4): 416–437
Güzel ME et al. (2021) Plant Syst Evol 307: 7 doi.org/10.1007/s00606-020-01719-y
Herrando-Moraira S et al. (2019) Molec Phyl Evol 137: 313–332
Jung J et al. (2021) PeerJ 9:e10687
Li WP et al. (2012) Annals Bot 109: 1342–1357
Mandel J et al. (2019) PNAS 116(28): 14083–14088
POWO (2022)
Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/
Rivera P et al. (2021) J Syst Evol 59(5): 935–952
Stevens PF (2022) APweb – www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb