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Andrographis paniculata
3-665.63.04English: King of Bitter; Green chiretta; Kalmegh.
Indian: Kalmegh.
Indonesian: Sambiloto; Creat.
Dutch: Godin van de bitterheid.
Region: India, Sri Lanka; introduced in northern India, Southern and Southeastern Asia, Java, Malaysia, Indonesia, West Indies, Philippines, Hong Kong, Thailand, Brunei, Singapore, Americas.
Habitat: moist, shady places, plains, hillsides, coastlines, disturbed and cultivated areas, roadsides and farms; in isolated patches; press a sunny location; altitude up to 500 m.
Content: Andrographolide, a bicyclic diterpenoid lactone; 14-Deoxy-11-dehydroandrographolide; 14-Deoxy-11-oxoandrographolide; 5-Hydroxy-7,8,2',3'-Tetramethoxyflavone; 5-Hydroxy-7,8,2'-Trimethoxyflavone; andrographine, neoandrographolide; panicoline, paniculide-A, panicoline-B, panicoline-C; terpenes.
Use: Ayurveda.
Use: in Ayurvedic, Siddha, Unani, Tcm medicine
Tcm: cools and relieves internal heat, inflammation and pain and also used for detoxication.BotanyHerb; perenneal; 30 to 110 cm tall.
Stem: erect; slender; dark green; square in cross-section; with longitudinal furrows; wings along the angles; vascular bundles of lignified spiral; scalariform and reticulate xylem vessels in the upper part; lignified phloem in the lower part; small acicular calcium oxalate crystals; layer of wavy-walled lower epidermis cells; dense collenchyma at the corners; layer of thick-walled endodermis cells; parenchyma contains chloroplastid.
Leaves: dark green; simple; opposite; lanceolate, lance-shaped; glabrous, hairless; acute apex, entire margin; up to 8 cm long, 2.5 cm wide; diacytic stomata at leaf’s lower epidermis; glandular and non-glandular trichomes; fairly large cystoliths; columnar palisade cells; collenchymas in midrib beneath epidermis; spongy parenchyma cells.
Inflorescence: lax spreading racemes or panicles.
Flowers: small, linear; flowering from September to December.
Fruit: capsule; 2 cm long, few millimeters wide; contains many seeds.
Seeds: yellow-brown; subquadrate, rugose and glabrous.
Calyx: tube narrows.
corolla: about 6 mm long white with violet markings.
Androecium: 2 stamens, inserted in the throat.
Gynoecium: ovary, two celled, superior, 1 to 2 cm long, 2 to 5 mm wide, linear-oblong, compressed, erected capsule.LiteratureAnju, Dhiman & others; A review of medicinal prospectives of Andrographis Paniculata Nees; Journal of Pharmaceutical and Scientific Innovation; February 2012;
www.jpsionline.com; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285897755.
Sheeja K, Shihab PK, Kuttan G; Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the plant Andrographis paniculata Nees; Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2006; 28(1); 129-40.
Jarukamjorn K, Nemoto N; Pharmacological aspects of Andrographis paniculata on health and its major diterpenoids constituent andrographolide; Journal of Health Sciences 2008; 54(4): 370-8.
Ojha SK, Nandave M, Kumar S, Arya DS; Antioxidant activity of Andrographis paniculata in ischemic myocardium of rats; Global J Pharmacol 2009; 3(3): 154-7.
Denial G. Medicinal uses of Andrographis. International Herb Association. 2009:8-19.
Verma A, Padh H, Shrivastava N; Andrographolide: A new plant-derived antineoplastic entity on horizon.
Akbar S; Andrographis paniculata, A review of pharmacological activities and clinical effects, Int J Health Sci; 16(1), 66-77.
Padma Y, Narasimhudu CL, Devi S, Natha NM. B, Naga R, B, Philip GH; In vitro anthelmintic activity of Andrographis paniculata (burm.f.) nees; Int J Pharm Res Develop 2011; 3(3); 202-5.
Rammohan M; Effect of ethanolic extracts of Andrographis paniculata on type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistant rats, PhD dissertation; University Sains Malaysia; 2009 Feb; http://eprints.usm.my/10167/1/effect_of_ethanolic_extracts_of_andrographis _paniculata.pdf
McGuffin M, Hobbs C, Upton R, Goldberg A;(1997) American Herbal Products Association’s Botanical Safety Handbook; CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL; http://www.amazon.com/American-Products-Associations- Botanical-Handbook.
Mohamed Saleem TS; Hepatoprotective herbs, A review; Int J Res Pharm Sci 2010; 1(1): 1-5.
Kumar AR, Sridevi K, Kumar N V, Nanduri S, Rajagopal S; Anticancer and immunostimulatory compounds from Andrographis paniculata; J Ethnopharmacol 2004; 92(2-3): 291-5.
Lala S, Nandy A K, Mahato S B, Basu M K; Delivery in-vivo of 14- deoxy-11-oxoandrographolide, anti-leishmanial agent, by different carrier; Indian J Biochem Biophys 2003; 40: 169-74.
Liu J, Wang ZT, Ji LL; In vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of neoandrographolide; Am J Chin Med 2007; 35(2): 317-28.
Dahanukar SA, Kulkarni A, Rege NN; Pharmacology of medicinal plants and natural products; Indian J Pharmacol 2000; 32: 81-118.
Koul IB, Kapil A; Effect of diterpenes from Andrographis paniculata on antioxidant defense system and lipid peroxidation; Indian J Pharmacol 1994; 26: 296-300.
Balachandranm P, Govindarajan R; Cancer—an ayurvedic perspective; Pharmacol Res 2005; 51: 19–30.
Surveswaran S, Cai YZ, Corke H, Sun M; Systematic evaluation of natural phenolic antioxidants from 133 Indian medicinal plants; Food Chem 2007; 102(3): 938-53.
Indian: Kalmegh.
Indonesian: Sambiloto; Creat.
Dutch: Godin van de bitterheid.
Region: India, Sri Lanka; introduced in northern India, Southern and Southeastern Asia, Java, Malaysia, Indonesia, West Indies, Philippines, Hong Kong, Thailand, Brunei, Singapore, Americas.
Habitat: moist, shady places, plains, hillsides, coastlines, disturbed and cultivated areas, roadsides and farms; in isolated patches; press a sunny location; altitude up to 500 m.
Content: Andrographolide, a bicyclic diterpenoid lactone; 14-Deoxy-11-dehydroandrographolide; 14-Deoxy-11-oxoandrographolide; 5-Hydroxy-7,8,2',3'-Tetramethoxyflavone; 5-Hydroxy-7,8,2'-Trimethoxyflavone; andrographine, neoandrographolide; panicoline, paniculide-A, panicoline-B, panicoline-C; terpenes.
Use: Ayurveda.
Use: in Ayurvedic, Siddha, Unani, Tcm medicine
Tcm: cools and relieves internal heat, inflammation and pain and also used for detoxication.BotanyHerb; perenneal; 30 to 110 cm tall.
Stem: erect; slender; dark green; square in cross-section; with longitudinal furrows; wings along the angles; vascular bundles of lignified spiral; scalariform and reticulate xylem vessels in the upper part; lignified phloem in the lower part; small acicular calcium oxalate crystals; layer of wavy-walled lower epidermis cells; dense collenchyma at the corners; layer of thick-walled endodermis cells; parenchyma contains chloroplastid.
Leaves: dark green; simple; opposite; lanceolate, lance-shaped; glabrous, hairless; acute apex, entire margin; up to 8 cm long, 2.5 cm wide; diacytic stomata at leaf’s lower epidermis; glandular and non-glandular trichomes; fairly large cystoliths; columnar palisade cells; collenchymas in midrib beneath epidermis; spongy parenchyma cells.
Inflorescence: lax spreading racemes or panicles.
Flowers: small, linear; flowering from September to December.
Fruit: capsule; 2 cm long, few millimeters wide; contains many seeds.
Seeds: yellow-brown; subquadrate, rugose and glabrous.
Calyx: tube narrows.
corolla: about 6 mm long white with violet markings.
Androecium: 2 stamens, inserted in the throat.
Gynoecium: ovary, two celled, superior, 1 to 2 cm long, 2 to 5 mm wide, linear-oblong, compressed, erected capsule.LiteratureAnju, Dhiman & others; A review of medicinal prospectives of Andrographis Paniculata Nees; Journal of Pharmaceutical and Scientific Innovation; February 2012;
www.jpsionline.com; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285897755.
Sheeja K, Shihab PK, Kuttan G; Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the plant Andrographis paniculata Nees; Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2006; 28(1); 129-40.
Jarukamjorn K, Nemoto N; Pharmacological aspects of Andrographis paniculata on health and its major diterpenoids constituent andrographolide; Journal of Health Sciences 2008; 54(4): 370-8.
Ojha SK, Nandave M, Kumar S, Arya DS; Antioxidant activity of Andrographis paniculata in ischemic myocardium of rats; Global J Pharmacol 2009; 3(3): 154-7.
Denial G. Medicinal uses of Andrographis. International Herb Association. 2009:8-19.
Verma A, Padh H, Shrivastava N; Andrographolide: A new plant-derived antineoplastic entity on horizon.
Akbar S; Andrographis paniculata, A review of pharmacological activities and clinical effects, Int J Health Sci; 16(1), 66-77.
Padma Y, Narasimhudu CL, Devi S, Natha NM. B, Naga R, B, Philip GH; In vitro anthelmintic activity of Andrographis paniculata (burm.f.) nees; Int J Pharm Res Develop 2011; 3(3); 202-5.
Rammohan M; Effect of ethanolic extracts of Andrographis paniculata on type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistant rats, PhD dissertation; University Sains Malaysia; 2009 Feb; http://eprints.usm.my/10167/1/effect_of_ethanolic_extracts_of_andrographis _paniculata.pdf
McGuffin M, Hobbs C, Upton R, Goldberg A;(1997) American Herbal Products Association’s Botanical Safety Handbook; CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL; http://www.amazon.com/American-Products-Associations- Botanical-Handbook.
Mohamed Saleem TS; Hepatoprotective herbs, A review; Int J Res Pharm Sci 2010; 1(1): 1-5.
Kumar AR, Sridevi K, Kumar N V, Nanduri S, Rajagopal S; Anticancer and immunostimulatory compounds from Andrographis paniculata; J Ethnopharmacol 2004; 92(2-3): 291-5.
Lala S, Nandy A K, Mahato S B, Basu M K; Delivery in-vivo of 14- deoxy-11-oxoandrographolide, anti-leishmanial agent, by different carrier; Indian J Biochem Biophys 2003; 40: 169-74.
Liu J, Wang ZT, Ji LL; In vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of neoandrographolide; Am J Chin Med 2007; 35(2): 317-28.
Dahanukar SA, Kulkarni A, Rege NN; Pharmacology of medicinal plants and natural products; Indian J Pharmacol 2000; 32: 81-118.
Koul IB, Kapil A; Effect of diterpenes from Andrographis paniculata on antioxidant defense system and lipid peroxidation; Indian J Pharmacol 1994; 26: 296-300.
Balachandranm P, Govindarajan R; Cancer—an ayurvedic perspective; Pharmacol Res 2005; 51: 19–30.
Surveswaran S, Cai YZ, Corke H, Sun M; Systematic evaluation of natural phenolic antioxidants from 133 Indian medicinal plants; Food Chem 2007; 102(3): 938-53.